{"id":6611,"date":"2015-07-16T00:30:26","date_gmt":"2015-07-15T13:30:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/?p=6611"},"modified":"2015-07-30T22:50:30","modified_gmt":"2015-07-30T11:50:30","slug":"clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qu7ZpWecIS8\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\nIn my Uni course in one of the early weeks we were asked to watch a 2 part video of Clay Shirky talking about cognitive surplus. <\/p>\n<p>It talks about in the 20th century are cognitive surplus was taken up with predominantly television viewing, but now with the internet we are able to use a new media tool that allows us to participate\/collaborate.<\/p>\n<p>I loved it. I am working on an essay plan for another subject right now and I suddenly realised having something about this would fit into one of my paragraphs so I went looking for something I can reference in my essay, and in the process I found this TedTalk.<\/p>\n<p>Below are the links to the original videos we watched<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"420\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AyoNHIl-QLQ\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"420\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9aodSWeO1ts\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>I recently bought his two books <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/0143114948\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&#038;camp=1789&#038;creative=9325&#038;creativeASIN=0143114948&#038;linkCode=as2&#038;tag=galacticmuffin-20&#038;linkId=EUVCGGJCP5YVY7Q7\">Here Comes Everybody<\/a><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&#038;l=as2&#038;o=1&#038;a=0143114948\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" border=\"0\" alt=\"\" style=\"border:none !important; margin:0px !important;\" \/> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/0143119583\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&#038;camp=1789&#038;creative=9325&#038;creativeASIN=0143119583&#038;linkCode=as2&#038;tag=galacticmuffin-20&#038;linkId=ZHAUXZCNKR5POG56\">Cognitive Surplus<\/a><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&#038;l=as2&#038;o=1&#038;a=0143119583\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" border=\"0\" alt=\"\" style=\"border:none !important; margin:0px !important;\" \/> from Amazon and I cant wait to read them!<\/p>\n<div class=\"sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled\"><div class=\"robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing\"><h3 class=\"sd-title\">Share this:<\/h3><div class=\"sd-content\"><ul><li class=\"share-email\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-email sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=email\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to email this to a friend\"><span>Email<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-twitter\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-twitter-6611\" class=\"share-twitter sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=twitter\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-tumblr\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-tumblr sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=tumblr\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Tumblr\"><span>Tumblr<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-pinterest\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-pinterest-6611\" class=\"share-pinterest sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=pinterest\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Pinterest\"><span>Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-print\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-print sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to print\"><span>Print<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#\" class=\"sharing-anchor sd-button share-more\"><span>More<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"sharing-hidden\"><div class=\"inner\" style=\"display: none;\"><ul><li class=\"share-facebook\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-facebook-6611\" class=\"share-facebook sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=facebook\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-reddit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-reddit sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=reddit\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Reddit\"><span>Reddit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><li class=\"share-linkedin\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-linkedin-6611\" class=\"share-linkedin sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=linkedin\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on LinkedIn\"><span>LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"excerpt\">In my Uni course in one of the early weeks we were asked to watch a 2 part video of Clay Shirky talking about cognitive surplus. It talks about in the 20th century are cognitive surplus was taken up with predominantly television viewing, but now with the internet we are able to use a new media tool that allows us&hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/\">Read more &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled\"><div class=\"robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing\"><h3 class=\"sd-title\">Share this:<\/h3><div class=\"sd-content\"><ul><li class=\"share-email\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-email sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=email\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to email this to a friend\"><span>Email<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-twitter\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-twitter-6611\" class=\"share-twitter sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=twitter\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-tumblr\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-tumblr sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=tumblr\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Tumblr\"><span>Tumblr<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-pinterest\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-pinterest-6611\" class=\"share-pinterest sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=pinterest\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Pinterest\"><span>Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-print\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-print sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to print\"><span>Print<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#\" class=\"sharing-anchor sd-button share-more\"><span>More<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"sharing-hidden\"><div class=\"inner\" style=\"display: none;\"><ul><li class=\"share-facebook\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-facebook-6611\" class=\"share-facebook sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=facebook\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-reddit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-reddit sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=reddit\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Reddit\"><span>Reddit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><li class=\"share-linkedin\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-linkedin-6611\" class=\"share-linkedin sd-button share-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/?share=linkedin\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on LinkedIn\"><span>LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false},"categories":[418],"tags":[946,947],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v16.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world - Day 17<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world - Day 17\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In my Uni course in one of the early weeks we were asked to watch a 2 part video of Clay Shirky talking about cognitive surplus. It talks about in the 20th century are cognitive surplus was taken up with predominantly television viewing, but now with the internet we are able to use a new media tool that allows us&hellip; Read more &rarr;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Day 17\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-07-15T13:30:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-07-30T11:50:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&#038;l=as2&#038;o=1&#038;a=0143114948\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"endorwitch\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/\",\"name\":\"Day 17\",\"description\":\"Things aren&#039;t going quite as well as we&#039;d hoped.\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0143114948\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0143114948\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/\",\"name\":\"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world - Day 17\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2015-07-15T13:30:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-07-30T11:50:30+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#\/schema\/person\/5caa332d0a1643556fd09e0ee3b12abe\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world\"}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#\/schema\/person\/5caa332d0a1643556fd09e0ee3b12abe\",\"name\":\"endorwitch\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/galacticmuffin.net\"],\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/author\/endorwitch\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world - Day 17","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world - Day 17","og_description":"In my Uni course in one of the early weeks we were asked to watch a 2 part video of Clay Shirky talking about cognitive surplus. It talks about in the 20th century are cognitive surplus was taken up with predominantly television viewing, but now with the internet we are able to use a new media tool that allows us&hellip; Read more &rarr;","og_url":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/","og_site_name":"Day 17","article_published_time":"2015-07-15T13:30:26+00:00","article_modified_time":"2015-07-30T11:50:30+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0143114948"}],"twitter_misc":{"Written by":"endorwitch","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/","name":"Day 17","description":"Things aren&#039;t going quite as well as we&#039;d hoped.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0143114948","contentUrl":"http:\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=galacticmuffin-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0143114948"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#webpage","url":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/","name":"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world - Day 17","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2015-07-15T13:30:26+00:00","dateModified":"2015-07-30T11:50:30+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#\/schema\/person\/5caa332d0a1643556fd09e0ee3b12abe"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/2015\/07\/clay-shirky-how-cognitive-surplus-will-change-the-world\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world"}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/#\/schema\/person\/5caa332d0a1643556fd09e0ee3b12abe","name":"endorwitch","sameAs":["http:\/\/galacticmuffin.net"],"url":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/author\/endorwitch\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6611"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6611"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6611\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6653,"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6611\/revisions\/6653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6611"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6611"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.galacticmuffin.net\/day17\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6611"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}